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Abdelaziz Bouteflika
الأربعاء 6 يناير - 8:25
Abdelaziz Bouteflika
born March
2, 1937 in Morocco (Oujda)) has been the President of Algeria since 1999.
Family
Abdelaziz Bouteflika is married since August 1990 and has
no children, his wife (Amal Triki) is a daughter of former diplomat (Yahia
Triki), she currently does not live with him, she lives in Paris.
Abdelaziz Bouteflika has three half sisters (Fatima, Yamina
and Aïcha) with whom he has no contact, four brothers (Abdelghani, Mustapha,
Abderahim and Saïd) and one sister (Latifa).
Early Life
His father, Ahmed Bouteflika, was born in Telemcen, he
emigrated to Morocco
when he was young, Ahmed Bouteflika was married to two women: Belkaïd Rabia and
Ghezlaoui Mansouriah (the mother of the current President).
When Abdelaziz Bouteflika was born on the 2nd of March 1937 in Morocco
(Oudja), he was the first child of his mother and the second child of His
father, Fatima his half sister preceded him.
His mother, Ghezlaoui Mansouriah, was working in a hammam
in Morocco.
He lived and studied in Morocco until he joined the ALN, he could not finish his last
year in high school and get a matric because of that.
The official biography omits the fact that he was born and
lived in Morocco,
most likely for political reasons.[1]
War of Independence
In 1956 the Algerian students were given no other possibility
other than joining the ALN, those who refused where killed, in these
conditions, Bouteflika was enrolled in the ALN at the age of 19.
He started as a 'controller' (checking the situation and
making reports on what's happening in the Moroccan border and in west Algeria) and
finished as the administrative secretary of Houari Boumédiène. Many leaders of the Algerian War of Independence say that
some of his reports caused the assassination of several heroes of the war, such
as that of Boucif.
In 1960, Houari Boumédiène nominated him to a function in
tunisia but Bouteflika was unreachable, no one knew where he was, when he
showed up after a little travel in Europe with some of his friends,
disciplinary actions were going to be taken against him but Houari Boumédiène decided otherwise : he
nominated him to another function in Mali to open a new front. some observers see this affectation as
punishment since there was nothing to "open" from a sahelian country
according to the same observers.
After some weeks spent in Mali,
Bouteflika disappeared again, he showed up after several months spent in Morocco with a
woman. Once again he was forgiven by Houari Boumédiène.
Between 1961 and 1962 he participated in the coup against
the provisional Algerian government (GPRA).
Early Political career
After Algeria's
independence in 1962, he became deputy of Tlemcen in the Constituent Assembly
and Minister for Youth and Sport in the government led by Ahmed Ben Bella. The
next year, he was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and remained in this
position until the death of President Houari Boumedienne in 1978, of who he was
considered to be the right arm.
In 1979, he expected to succeed Boumedienne as President
but the Army decided otherwise and chose Chadli Bendjedid instead. Although he
then became Minister of State, he was progressively pushed away and left the
political arena in 1981.
The "Exile"
In 1983, he left the country and stayed in the UAE, in France and Switzerland. After six years
abroad, he finally came back and joined the Central Committee of the National
Liberation Font (FLN) in 1989.
In January 1994, Bouteflika refused the Army’s proposal to
succeed the assassinated president, Mohamed Boudiaf, presumably to avoid asking
the support of the political parties. Instead, General Liamine Zeroual became
President.
Elected President in 1999
In 1999
he ran for President as an independent candidate supported by the military. He
was elected with 74% of the votes, according to the authorities. All the other
candidates had withdrawn from the election, citing fraud concerns. Bouteflika subsequently
organized a referendum
on his policies to restore peace and security to Algeria and to
test his support among his countrymen after the contested election and won with
81% of the vote, but this figure was also disputed by opponents.
The Kabyle population boycotted the election, participation did not
exceed 5%.
Economic policies
During his first mandate Bouteflika launched a five year
economical plan (2000-2004), called the Support Plan for Economic Recovery
(PSRE: Plan de Soutien a la Relance Economique). The plan was a package of
various sub-plans such as the National Plan for Agricultural Development (PNDA:
Plan National pour le Développement Agricole), aimed at boosting agricultural
production. Other sub-plans included the construction of social housing units,
roads, and other infrastructure projects. The PSRE totalled $7 billion worth of
spending, and gave satisfactory results with the economy averaging higher than
5% annual growth rates, with a peak of 6.3% in the year 2003. Bouteflika also
pushed through a fiscal reform which participated in the economic revival.
Foreign policy
Bouteflika was also active on the international scene. He
presided over the African Union in 2000 and secured the Algiers Peace Treaty between Eritrea and Ethiopia, and
supported peace efforts in the African Great Lakes Region. He also secured a friendship
treaty with neighbouring Spain in 2002, and welcomed president Chirac
of France on a
state visit to Algiers
in 2003, in
a prelude to the signature of a friendship treaty. Relations with the Kingdom of Morocco remained slightly tense, with
diplomatic clashes on the issue of the Western
Sahara, despite promising beginnings in 1999.
Arab nationalism and the Kabyle problem
During the electoral campaign of 1999, the candidate
Bouteflika was badly welcomed by the Kabyle
population, many people insulted him and throw at him stones, after the
incident he said "I thought I will find giants, but I found gnomes!"
to his auditors, he also advised the local population to "go out from Kabylie and discover
the rest of Algeria", he also said : "The Berber language
will never, never be an official language in Algeria". Since then he has
never attended any meeting in Kabylie. The Kabyle population boycotted the election (5%
participation in Kabylie) knowing that the military would alter the elections
in his favour, and even though there was 5% participation, he got less than 50%
of the votes in Kabylie.
In 2001,
a young Kabyle activist (Guermah Massinissa) was arrested with no reason
by the gendarmes
and was "accidentally" killed inside the gendarmerie.
This provoked terrible riots in Kabylie that lasted for months. Bouteflika's
government claimed that the real name of Massinissa was in fact Karim and that
he was a jobless criminal of 26 years old. Several months after having said
that, the government's admitted that the real name was in fact Massinissa, and
that he was an innocent high school student. The minister of interior Yazid Zerhouni said that he "was badly
informed". But still; no apologies were given to the victim. The riots did
not stop.
During the Kabyle crisis of 2001, also called the
"Black Spring", Bouteflika's government maintained that the Kabyles
were "manipulated by a foreign hand".
A march that brought about 500 000 Kabyles into the
capital, Algiers,
was organized by the Arouch, it was followed by a confrontation between the local
population of Algiers
and the Kabyles. The police sided with the "Algérois" and the sole TV
channel in Algeria
thanked "les Algérois for having defended their town from the
invaders". Since then marches in Algiers
have become prohibited.
At the end, Bouteflika had to capitulate to some of the
Kabyle revendications, he withdrew the gendarmes
from Kabylie and added the Berber language as a "national language"
in the constitution.
126 young Kabyles were killed, hundreds were severely
injured in these riots, also many were tortured by the gendarmes. A new
political movement appeared : The Movement for the autonomy
of Kabylie which has Regionalistic revendications that never existed among the
Kabyle population.
[edit] Second term in 2004
On April 8, 2004, he was re-elected by 85% of the vote in an election that was praised by OSCE observers
as an example of democracy in the Arab world,
while contested by his rival and former Chief of Staff Ali Benflis.
Several opponents alleged that the election had not been fair, and pointed to
extensive state control over the broadcast media.
The Kabyle population boycotted the election, participation did
not exceed 11%.
[edit] Reconciliation plan
During the first year of his second mandate,
President Bouteflika has held a referendum on his "National Reconciliation
Plan", inspired by the 1995 "St Egidio Platform" document.
Bouteflika's plan aims at concluding his efforts of ending the civil war, from a political and judicial point
of view. He obtained large popular support with this referendum and has since
instructed the government and Parliament to work on the technical details of
its implementation. Critics have claimed that the plan will only grant immunity
to members of the armed forces responsible for crimes, as well as
to terrorists
and have argued for a plan similar to South
Africa's "truth and reconciliation commission" to be adopted
instead. Bouteflika has dismissed the calls, claiming that each country needs
to find its own solutions to ending painful chapters of its history. Thus far
he has received large political support on this issue, from both the Islamist and
the Nationalist
camps, and most of the Democrat camp - except one party: the
born March
2, 1937 in Morocco (Oujda)) has been the President of Algeria since 1999.
Family
Abdelaziz Bouteflika is married since August 1990 and has
no children, his wife (Amal Triki) is a daughter of former diplomat (Yahia
Triki), she currently does not live with him, she lives in Paris.
Abdelaziz Bouteflika has three half sisters (Fatima, Yamina
and Aïcha) with whom he has no contact, four brothers (Abdelghani, Mustapha,
Abderahim and Saïd) and one sister (Latifa).
Early Life
His father, Ahmed Bouteflika, was born in Telemcen, he
emigrated to Morocco
when he was young, Ahmed Bouteflika was married to two women: Belkaïd Rabia and
Ghezlaoui Mansouriah (the mother of the current President).
When Abdelaziz Bouteflika was born on the 2nd of March 1937 in Morocco
(Oudja), he was the first child of his mother and the second child of His
father, Fatima his half sister preceded him.
His mother, Ghezlaoui Mansouriah, was working in a hammam
in Morocco.
He lived and studied in Morocco until he joined the ALN, he could not finish his last
year in high school and get a matric because of that.
The official biography omits the fact that he was born and
lived in Morocco,
most likely for political reasons.[1]
War of Independence
In 1956 the Algerian students were given no other possibility
other than joining the ALN, those who refused where killed, in these
conditions, Bouteflika was enrolled in the ALN at the age of 19.
He started as a 'controller' (checking the situation and
making reports on what's happening in the Moroccan border and in west Algeria) and
finished as the administrative secretary of Houari Boumédiène. Many leaders of the Algerian War of Independence say that
some of his reports caused the assassination of several heroes of the war, such
as that of Boucif.
In 1960, Houari Boumédiène nominated him to a function in
tunisia but Bouteflika was unreachable, no one knew where he was, when he
showed up after a little travel in Europe with some of his friends,
disciplinary actions were going to be taken against him but Houari Boumédiène decided otherwise : he
nominated him to another function in Mali to open a new front. some observers see this affectation as
punishment since there was nothing to "open" from a sahelian country
according to the same observers.
After some weeks spent in Mali,
Bouteflika disappeared again, he showed up after several months spent in Morocco with a
woman. Once again he was forgiven by Houari Boumédiène.
Between 1961 and 1962 he participated in the coup against
the provisional Algerian government (GPRA).
Early Political career
After Algeria's
independence in 1962, he became deputy of Tlemcen in the Constituent Assembly
and Minister for Youth and Sport in the government led by Ahmed Ben Bella. The
next year, he was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and remained in this
position until the death of President Houari Boumedienne in 1978, of who he was
considered to be the right arm.
In 1979, he expected to succeed Boumedienne as President
but the Army decided otherwise and chose Chadli Bendjedid instead. Although he
then became Minister of State, he was progressively pushed away and left the
political arena in 1981.
The "Exile"
In 1983, he left the country and stayed in the UAE, in France and Switzerland. After six years
abroad, he finally came back and joined the Central Committee of the National
Liberation Font (FLN) in 1989.
In January 1994, Bouteflika refused the Army’s proposal to
succeed the assassinated president, Mohamed Boudiaf, presumably to avoid asking
the support of the political parties. Instead, General Liamine Zeroual became
President.
Elected President in 1999
In 1999
he ran for President as an independent candidate supported by the military. He
was elected with 74% of the votes, according to the authorities. All the other
candidates had withdrawn from the election, citing fraud concerns. Bouteflika subsequently
organized a referendum
on his policies to restore peace and security to Algeria and to
test his support among his countrymen after the contested election and won with
81% of the vote, but this figure was also disputed by opponents.
The Kabyle population boycotted the election, participation did not
exceed 5%.
Economic policies
During his first mandate Bouteflika launched a five year
economical plan (2000-2004), called the Support Plan for Economic Recovery
(PSRE: Plan de Soutien a la Relance Economique). The plan was a package of
various sub-plans such as the National Plan for Agricultural Development (PNDA:
Plan National pour le Développement Agricole), aimed at boosting agricultural
production. Other sub-plans included the construction of social housing units,
roads, and other infrastructure projects. The PSRE totalled $7 billion worth of
spending, and gave satisfactory results with the economy averaging higher than
5% annual growth rates, with a peak of 6.3% in the year 2003. Bouteflika also
pushed through a fiscal reform which participated in the economic revival.
Foreign policy
Bouteflika was also active on the international scene. He
presided over the African Union in 2000 and secured the Algiers Peace Treaty between Eritrea and Ethiopia, and
supported peace efforts in the African Great Lakes Region. He also secured a friendship
treaty with neighbouring Spain in 2002, and welcomed president Chirac
of France on a
state visit to Algiers
in 2003, in
a prelude to the signature of a friendship treaty. Relations with the Kingdom of Morocco remained slightly tense, with
diplomatic clashes on the issue of the Western
Sahara, despite promising beginnings in 1999.
Arab nationalism and the Kabyle problem
During the electoral campaign of 1999, the candidate
Bouteflika was badly welcomed by the Kabyle
population, many people insulted him and throw at him stones, after the
incident he said "I thought I will find giants, but I found gnomes!"
to his auditors, he also advised the local population to "go out from Kabylie and discover
the rest of Algeria", he also said : "The Berber language
will never, never be an official language in Algeria". Since then he has
never attended any meeting in Kabylie. The Kabyle population boycotted the election (5%
participation in Kabylie) knowing that the military would alter the elections
in his favour, and even though there was 5% participation, he got less than 50%
of the votes in Kabylie.
In 2001,
a young Kabyle activist (Guermah Massinissa) was arrested with no reason
by the gendarmes
and was "accidentally" killed inside the gendarmerie.
This provoked terrible riots in Kabylie that lasted for months. Bouteflika's
government claimed that the real name of Massinissa was in fact Karim and that
he was a jobless criminal of 26 years old. Several months after having said
that, the government's admitted that the real name was in fact Massinissa, and
that he was an innocent high school student. The minister of interior Yazid Zerhouni said that he "was badly
informed". But still; no apologies were given to the victim. The riots did
not stop.
During the Kabyle crisis of 2001, also called the
"Black Spring", Bouteflika's government maintained that the Kabyles
were "manipulated by a foreign hand".
A march that brought about 500 000 Kabyles into the
capital, Algiers,
was organized by the Arouch, it was followed by a confrontation between the local
population of Algiers
and the Kabyles. The police sided with the "Algérois" and the sole TV
channel in Algeria
thanked "les Algérois for having defended their town from the
invaders". Since then marches in Algiers
have become prohibited.
At the end, Bouteflika had to capitulate to some of the
Kabyle revendications, he withdrew the gendarmes
from Kabylie and added the Berber language as a "national language"
in the constitution.
126 young Kabyles were killed, hundreds were severely
injured in these riots, also many were tortured by the gendarmes. A new
political movement appeared : The Movement for the autonomy
of Kabylie which has Regionalistic revendications that never existed among the
Kabyle population.
[edit] Second term in 2004
On April 8, 2004, he was re-elected by 85% of the vote in an election that was praised by OSCE observers
as an example of democracy in the Arab world,
while contested by his rival and former Chief of Staff Ali Benflis.
Several opponents alleged that the election had not been fair, and pointed to
extensive state control over the broadcast media.
The Kabyle population boycotted the election, participation did
not exceed 11%.
[edit] Reconciliation plan
During the first year of his second mandate,
President Bouteflika has held a referendum on his "National Reconciliation
Plan", inspired by the 1995 "St Egidio Platform" document.
Bouteflika's plan aims at concluding his efforts of ending the civil war, from a political and judicial point
of view. He obtained large popular support with this referendum and has since
instructed the government and Parliament to work on the technical details of
its implementation. Critics have claimed that the plan will only grant immunity
to members of the armed forces responsible for crimes, as well as
to terrorists
and have argued for a plan similar to South
Africa's "truth and reconciliation commission" to be adopted
instead. Bouteflika has dismissed the calls, claiming that each country needs
to find its own solutions to ending painful chapters of its history. Thus far
he has received large political support on this issue, from both the Islamist and
the Nationalist
camps, and most of the Democrat camp - except one party: the
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