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عدد المساهمات : 6011 نقاط التميز : 24802 تاريخ التسجيل : 17/04/2009 العمر : 36 الموقع : العمارية المدية الجزائر 
JournalistJournalist
الأربعاء 6 يناير - 9:17
Journalist
A journalist is
a person who practices journalism, the gathering
and dissemination of information about current
events, trends, issues and people.
Reporters are one type of journalist. They
create reports as a profession for broadcast or publication in mass media such as newspapers, television, radio,
magazines, documentary film, and the Internet. Reporters find the sources for their
work, their reports can be either spoken or written, and they are generally
expected to report in the most objective
and unbiased way to serve the public good.
Depending on the
context, the term journalist also includes various types of editors and visual journalists, such as photographers, graphic artists, and page designers.
Origin
and scope of the term
In the early 19th century, journalist simply meant
someone who wrote for journals, such as Charles Dickens in his early career. In the past
century it has come to mean a writer for newspapers and magazines as well.
Many people consider journalist
interchangeable with reporter, a person who gathers information and
creates a written report, or story. However, this overlooks many other types of
journalists, including columnists, leader writers, photographers, editorial designers, and
sub-editors (British) or copy editors
(American). The only major distinction is that designers, writers and art
directors who work exclusively on advertising material - that is, material in
which the content is shaped by the person buying the ad, rather than the
publication - are not considered journalists.
Regardless of medium,
the term journalist carries a connotation or expectation of
professionalism in reporting, with consideration for truth, fairness, balance,
decency and ethics - although standards can vary widely
between publications. Some mass-market newspaper make no pretence of
impartiality, though in countries such as the UK they generally adhere to an
industry-wide code of conduct such, such as maintaining truthiness. Some
editors argue that lack of bias is impossible to achieve, so it is in fact more
honest to adopt an editorial opinion whilst ensuring that material is factually
accurate
18th-century
journalists
Internet-only
journalists
In recent years the numbers of journalists
publishing only on the Internet, as opposed to print or broadcast journalists
whose work also appears online, has grown enormously. Some of the best-known
include:
Journalists
writing fiction
There are many examples of journalists who
made their mark writing fiction or other non-journalism, including:
Modern
journalists
The explosion of modern media,
including the creation of Internet-based news sources and the possibility that citizen journalism
will greatly expand the field, has made it all but impossible to identify which
journalists are notable, in the sense that they could be identified in the
past. The global justice protests in Seattle
(1999) gave rise to the independent media movement, exemplified by the Indymedia
Media Center network, a collective of independent media organizations
and hundreds of journalists offering grassroots, non-corporate coverage.
Indymedia is a democratic media outlet for the creation of progressive,
accurate, and passionate tellings of truth.
Ethics
in Journalism
Most journalists adhere to the
standards and norms expressed in the Society
of Professional Journalists ethical code.[1]
Foremost in the minds of most practicing journalists is the issue of
maintaining credibility,
"Professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist's
credibility."
A journalist is
a person who practices journalism, the gathering
and dissemination of information about current
events, trends, issues and people.
Reporters are one type of journalist. They
create reports as a profession for broadcast or publication in mass media such as newspapers, television, radio,
magazines, documentary film, and the Internet. Reporters find the sources for their
work, their reports can be either spoken or written, and they are generally
expected to report in the most objective
and unbiased way to serve the public good.
Depending on the
context, the term journalist also includes various types of editors and visual journalists, such as photographers, graphic artists, and page designers.
Origin
and scope of the term
In the early 19th century, journalist simply meant
someone who wrote for journals, such as Charles Dickens in his early career. In the past
century it has come to mean a writer for newspapers and magazines as well.
Many people consider journalist
interchangeable with reporter, a person who gathers information and
creates a written report, or story. However, this overlooks many other types of
journalists, including columnists, leader writers, photographers, editorial designers, and
sub-editors (British) or copy editors
(American). The only major distinction is that designers, writers and art
directors who work exclusively on advertising material - that is, material in
which the content is shaped by the person buying the ad, rather than the
publication - are not considered journalists.
Regardless of medium,
the term journalist carries a connotation or expectation of
professionalism in reporting, with consideration for truth, fairness, balance,
decency and ethics - although standards can vary widely
between publications. Some mass-market newspaper make no pretence of
impartiality, though in countries such as the UK they generally adhere to an
industry-wide code of conduct such, such as maintaining truthiness. Some
editors argue that lack of bias is impossible to achieve, so it is in fact more
honest to adopt an editorial opinion whilst ensuring that material is factually
accurate
18th-century
journalists
- Joseph Addison - wrote many of the finest
pieces in Steele's publications (1713-1714), The Monitor (1714), The Manufacturer (1719-21), The
Commentator (1720) and The Director (1720-1721) - Daniel Defoe - as editor of the Review,
he can claim to have invented many of the most popular formats, including
the eye-witness report, the travel piece and the strongly opinionated
column. Defoe's Review began publication on February 19, 1704, and lasted until June 11, 1713. He was also involved in several other
periodicals, including The Master Mercury (1704), Mercator: or,
Commerce Retrieved - Richard Steele - founded and edited
London-based periodicals including The Guardian and The
Spectator in the early 1700s.
Internet-only
journalists
In recent years the numbers of journalists
publishing only on the Internet, as opposed to print or broadcast journalists
whose work also appears online, has grown enormously. Some of the best-known
include:
- Matt Drudge - The first famous Internet-only
journalist for his work around scandals of the Clinton administration, in the United States. - Richard Menta - Editor at MP3 Newswire and
MP3.com
- John Wilson journalist (1940 - ), Born
Colac, Victoria, Australia. Journalist (The
Age), (The Sydney Morning Herald), (Townsville Daily Bulletin), (National
Times), (Queensland Times), (Ballarat
Courier), (Daily Mirror - Sydney), (Channel
Nine - Melbourne/Brisbane), (New Idea), (Brisbane Telegraph). Wrote under the
name John Steed in New
Zealand (The Dominion), (Sunday Times).
Was Editor of ComputerNews ([ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط]
Journalists
writing fiction
There are many examples of journalists who
made their mark writing fiction or other non-journalism, including:
- Collin Brooks (1893 - 1959) journalist,
broadcaster, writer, produced over 50 assorted books ranging from
economics and legal issues to novels and detective fiction - Anthony Burgess, who wrote vast quantities
of reviews and was famously fired as literary critic of the Yorkshire Post - Amanda Craig, who writes satirical novels
about English society - Joan Didion
- Frederick Forsyth
- David Gates,
who wrote about books and music for Newsweek - Graham Greene who worked originally as
sub-editor on The Times - Carl Hiaasen, who writes about the
corruption and glitter of Miami and Miami Beach, which he also covered as a
reporter. - Ernest Hemingway
- Arturo Pérez
Reverte and Manuel Leguineche
were war correspondents before becoming successful Spanish
novelists. - Susan Sontag
- Calvin Trillin, who has written several
humorous novels - Tom Wolfe
- Stephen Glass, who wrote the novel The
Fabulist as a fictional autobiography after being fired from The New Republic.
Modern
journalists
The explosion of modern media,
including the creation of Internet-based news sources and the possibility that citizen journalism
will greatly expand the field, has made it all but impossible to identify which
journalists are notable, in the sense that they could be identified in the
past. The global justice protests in Seattle
(1999) gave rise to the independent media movement, exemplified by the Indymedia
Media Center network, a collective of independent media organizations
and hundreds of journalists offering grassroots, non-corporate coverage.
Indymedia is a democratic media outlet for the creation of progressive,
accurate, and passionate tellings of truth.
Ethics
in Journalism
Most journalists adhere to the
standards and norms expressed in the Society
of Professional Journalists ethical code.[1]
Foremost in the minds of most practicing journalists is the issue of
maintaining credibility,
"Professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist's
credibility."
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