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عدد المساهمات : 6011 نقاط التميز : 24626 تاريخ التسجيل : 17/04/2009 العمر : 36 الموقع : العمارية المدية الجزائر 
A TEATCHERA TEATCHER
الأربعاء 6 يناير - 9:47
A TEATCHER
In education, teachers are those who help students or pupils learn, often in a school. The objective is typically a course of study,
lesson plan, or a practical skill, including learning and thinking skills. The different ways to teach are often
referred to as the teacher's pedagogy. When deciding what teaching method to use, a
teacher will need to consider students' background knowledge, environment, and
their learning goals as well as standardized curricula as determined by the
relevant authority.
Related positions
A teacher
who registers a student, or who is positioned to
help the student in a particular subject, is in some cultures called a "tutor".
A teacher or trainer from whom a student learns a great deal may be called a
"mentor". (this term is used, in this context, in
the UK.)
An "educationalist" is an educational theorist, writer or researcher.
In traditional China, the model teacher, Confucius, is greatly revered. A Chinese term for
teacher is shifu, (sifu) (teacher-father) or laoshi(old teacher).
Primary and Secondary
School Teachers
Perhaps the most
significant difference between primary and secondary teaching in the UK is the
relationship between teachers and children. In primary schools each class has a
teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole
curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject
specialists each session during the week and may have 10 or more different
teachers. The relationship between children and their teachers tends to be
closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist teacher
and surrogate parent during the course of the day.
This is true throughout
most of the United States
as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education do exist. One of
these, sometimes referred to as a "platoon" system, involves placing
a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to
another for every subject. The advantage here is that students learn from
teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in
that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects. Students still derive a
strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes.
University teachers
Teachers in college are called instructors or lecturers. In the United States, the term "professor" is usually applied to college or University teachers who have received their
Ph.D., while instructors or lecturers have received their Masters degree, and
usually are pursuing their Ph.D. Professorial rankings from Assistant Professor
through Full Professor that may be defined differently at various institutions. The rank of American university
instructors depends in part on the amount of relevant and publishable research
completed over time.
An "assistant
professor" is typically required to have completed extensive research
seminars at the post-graduate level and have written and defended the
dissertation. The Ph.D. is almost always required. Assistant professors are
similar to lecturers or readers in the United Kingdom. Their initial
preparation for the profession takes between eight and twelve years.
An "associate
professor" must typically have completed five or more years of additional
research, published articles in national and international journals, developed
syllabi for the teaching of various courses, provided services to the University
(i.e., committee member, faculty senate member, etc.), and in most cases have
published refereed books.
The "full
professor" in the United States
would be the equivalent of the "Professor" in the United Kingdom
and elsewhere. It is not typical to achieve the title of "full
professor" within the first fifteen to twenty years as an educator and
researcher at a university in the United States. It requires
dedication to the discipline and eminent, original scholarship, as shown
through published works and a diverse curriculum vitae.
In the United Kingdom
the title 'Professor' is restricted to university teachers who have been
granted a 'chair'. Others are known as lecturers or readers.
Senior teachers
Teachers who look after the
whole school are called head teachers, school principals, headmasters or headmistresses. The
equivalent in colleges and universities is called the dean, principal or
vice-chancellor. See also school leadership.
Teachers of this status rarely teach students. A teacher in a grammar or public school in Britain may also be a Head of House. Houses were also used in secondary and
comprehensive schools.
As with most large
organisations a school needs a hierarchical structure of command, allowing
matters to be delegated to a specific department or section of the school. In
many cases there are deputy headteachers, heads of department (or subject, such
as science or history) and heads of year. A head of year is in charge of the pastoral care of one year group.
Every school has a
disciplinary procedure which dictates how punishments should be given to
misbehaving students. One common method of coping with problems is the idea of
escalation whereby the classroom teacher attempts to deal with the student(s)
themselves before passing it on to a more senior teacher. Eventually, should
the situation not be resolved, the headmaster becomes involved.
Emergency teachers
A teacher may be replaced
by another teacher if he or she is absent due to illness, death, or planned
absence. In the United States
and some parts of Canada,
notably Alberta, replacement teachers are known as substitute
teachers (or
more informally as "subs") and more recently "guest
teachers". In Australia
and New Zealand they are
known as "casual" or "relief" teachers; in the UK and in other parts of Canada, notably Ontario, they are known as supply teachers. In British Columbia, Canada, they are called TOCs
(teachers-on-call). Temporary, substitute teachers in universities are usually
in forms of multiple guest lecturers.
These teachers often find
it difficult to acclimatise to the new environment, often moving from one
school to another week after week or day after day. They are often viewed badly
by the students they are looking after with a "you're not a real
teacher" joke attitude making behaviour management very difficult. Meanwhile, in some
subjects, they may actually know less than their students. In long term
replacements, however, this often quickly subsides.
Teacher trade union groups have expressed resentment
towards the continuous use of supply teachers (who may be paid a lower amount)
to satisfy long-term shortages when school administrations have resisted
creating a permanent teaching position.
The United States
observes a Substitute Educator's Day, which was instituted by the National Education Association (NEA). The purpose of this day is to highlight
the role and importance of the substitute teacher by providing information
about, advocating for, and helping to increase appreciation and respect for
this unique professional. This day also focuses on the needs of substitutes,
which include better wages and health benefits and continual professional
development. Substitute Educator's Day is observed on the Friday during American
Education Week. Other countries and jurisdictions have similar observances.
Teaching as a profession
In many
cultures, teaching is referred to as a profession. Arguments for this include the
respect that is felt for teachers in some cultures, the existence of a body of
specialised professional knowledge, codes of ethics, etc. Others dispute this
appellation because of significant differences with other professions,
especially as regards teaching's relatively low status, low salaries, and its
lack of power to control entry to the profession. These aspects all vary
greatly by culture.
World Teachers’ Day
UNESCO inaugurated World Teachers’ Day on 5 October 1994 to celebrate and commemorate the signing of
the Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers on 5 October 1966. World Teachers’ Day also highlighted the
Recommendation Concerning the Status of Higher Education Teaching Personnel
adopted in 1997. Some countries such as Taiwan also celebrate Teacher's Day as a national holiday. In Brazil and Chile,
it is celebrated on October 15, while in India it is celebrated on the 5th of September. In
Brunei, it is celebrated on September 23.
Salaries
Teachers'
salaries vary from country to country: US teachers are paid on a graduated scale,
starting at the low end and moving up on the pay scale with experience.
According to the National Education Association (NEA), the average starting
teacher's salary in the US
is just over $31,000, while the average teacher makes just over $42,000. The
amount a US-American teacher earns depends on education level, experience, and
the school/district/state--the cost of living in certain areas heavily
influences the amount of a teacher's salary. Britain and a lot of other
Commonwealth States pay their teachers an approx. $30 000. However, the
countries where teachers get the most are Germany,
Switzerland and South Korea.
In education, teachers are those who help students or pupils learn, often in a school. The objective is typically a course of study,
lesson plan, or a practical skill, including learning and thinking skills. The different ways to teach are often
referred to as the teacher's pedagogy. When deciding what teaching method to use, a
teacher will need to consider students' background knowledge, environment, and
their learning goals as well as standardized curricula as determined by the
relevant authority.
Related positions
A teacher
who registers a student, or who is positioned to
help the student in a particular subject, is in some cultures called a "tutor".
A teacher or trainer from whom a student learns a great deal may be called a
"mentor". (this term is used, in this context, in
the UK.)
An "educationalist" is an educational theorist, writer or researcher.
In traditional China, the model teacher, Confucius, is greatly revered. A Chinese term for
teacher is shifu, (sifu) (teacher-father) or laoshi(old teacher).
Primary and Secondary
School Teachers
Perhaps the most
significant difference between primary and secondary teaching in the UK is the
relationship between teachers and children. In primary schools each class has a
teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole
curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject
specialists each session during the week and may have 10 or more different
teachers. The relationship between children and their teachers tends to be
closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist teacher
and surrogate parent during the course of the day.
This is true throughout
most of the United States
as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education do exist. One of
these, sometimes referred to as a "platoon" system, involves placing
a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to
another for every subject. The advantage here is that students learn from
teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in
that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects. Students still derive a
strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes.
University teachers
Teachers in college are called instructors or lecturers. In the United States, the term "professor" is usually applied to college or University teachers who have received their
Ph.D., while instructors or lecturers have received their Masters degree, and
usually are pursuing their Ph.D. Professorial rankings from Assistant Professor
through Full Professor that may be defined differently at various institutions. The rank of American university
instructors depends in part on the amount of relevant and publishable research
completed over time.
An "assistant
professor" is typically required to have completed extensive research
seminars at the post-graduate level and have written and defended the
dissertation. The Ph.D. is almost always required. Assistant professors are
similar to lecturers or readers in the United Kingdom. Their initial
preparation for the profession takes between eight and twelve years.
An "associate
professor" must typically have completed five or more years of additional
research, published articles in national and international journals, developed
syllabi for the teaching of various courses, provided services to the University
(i.e., committee member, faculty senate member, etc.), and in most cases have
published refereed books.
The "full
professor" in the United States
would be the equivalent of the "Professor" in the United Kingdom
and elsewhere. It is not typical to achieve the title of "full
professor" within the first fifteen to twenty years as an educator and
researcher at a university in the United States. It requires
dedication to the discipline and eminent, original scholarship, as shown
through published works and a diverse curriculum vitae.
In the United Kingdom
the title 'Professor' is restricted to university teachers who have been
granted a 'chair'. Others are known as lecturers or readers.
Senior teachers
Teachers who look after the
whole school are called head teachers, school principals, headmasters or headmistresses. The
equivalent in colleges and universities is called the dean, principal or
vice-chancellor. See also school leadership.
Teachers of this status rarely teach students. A teacher in a grammar or public school in Britain may also be a Head of House. Houses were also used in secondary and
comprehensive schools.
As with most large
organisations a school needs a hierarchical structure of command, allowing
matters to be delegated to a specific department or section of the school. In
many cases there are deputy headteachers, heads of department (or subject, such
as science or history) and heads of year. A head of year is in charge of the pastoral care of one year group.
Every school has a
disciplinary procedure which dictates how punishments should be given to
misbehaving students. One common method of coping with problems is the idea of
escalation whereby the classroom teacher attempts to deal with the student(s)
themselves before passing it on to a more senior teacher. Eventually, should
the situation not be resolved, the headmaster becomes involved.
Emergency teachers
A teacher may be replaced
by another teacher if he or she is absent due to illness, death, or planned
absence. In the United States
and some parts of Canada,
notably Alberta, replacement teachers are known as substitute
teachers (or
more informally as "subs") and more recently "guest
teachers". In Australia
and New Zealand they are
known as "casual" or "relief" teachers; in the UK and in other parts of Canada, notably Ontario, they are known as supply teachers. In British Columbia, Canada, they are called TOCs
(teachers-on-call). Temporary, substitute teachers in universities are usually
in forms of multiple guest lecturers.
These teachers often find
it difficult to acclimatise to the new environment, often moving from one
school to another week after week or day after day. They are often viewed badly
by the students they are looking after with a "you're not a real
teacher" joke attitude making behaviour management very difficult. Meanwhile, in some
subjects, they may actually know less than their students. In long term
replacements, however, this often quickly subsides.
Teacher trade union groups have expressed resentment
towards the continuous use of supply teachers (who may be paid a lower amount)
to satisfy long-term shortages when school administrations have resisted
creating a permanent teaching position.
The United States
observes a Substitute Educator's Day, which was instituted by the National Education Association (NEA). The purpose of this day is to highlight
the role and importance of the substitute teacher by providing information
about, advocating for, and helping to increase appreciation and respect for
this unique professional. This day also focuses on the needs of substitutes,
which include better wages and health benefits and continual professional
development. Substitute Educator's Day is observed on the Friday during American
Education Week. Other countries and jurisdictions have similar observances.
Teaching as a profession
In many
cultures, teaching is referred to as a profession. Arguments for this include the
respect that is felt for teachers in some cultures, the existence of a body of
specialised professional knowledge, codes of ethics, etc. Others dispute this
appellation because of significant differences with other professions,
especially as regards teaching's relatively low status, low salaries, and its
lack of power to control entry to the profession. These aspects all vary
greatly by culture.
World Teachers’ Day
UNESCO inaugurated World Teachers’ Day on 5 October 1994 to celebrate and commemorate the signing of
the Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers on 5 October 1966. World Teachers’ Day also highlighted the
Recommendation Concerning the Status of Higher Education Teaching Personnel
adopted in 1997. Some countries such as Taiwan also celebrate Teacher's Day as a national holiday. In Brazil and Chile,
it is celebrated on October 15, while in India it is celebrated on the 5th of September. In
Brunei, it is celebrated on September 23.
Salaries
Teachers'
salaries vary from country to country: US teachers are paid on a graduated scale,
starting at the low end and moving up on the pay scale with experience.
According to the National Education Association (NEA), the average starting
teacher's salary in the US
is just over $31,000, while the average teacher makes just over $42,000. The
amount a US-American teacher earns depends on education level, experience, and
the school/district/state--the cost of living in certain areas heavily
influences the amount of a teacher's salary. Britain and a lot of other
Commonwealth States pay their teachers an approx. $30 000. However, the
countries where teachers get the most are Germany,
Switzerland and South Korea.
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