تعابير لكل وحدة في الانجليزية

الحضارة المصرية - نهر النيل-

The Gift of the Nile

Like a giant snake, the Nile River slithers through
some of the driest desert on earth to isolate a narrow green valley. The
Nile was also home to one of the earliest civilizations in history.
Today, more than seventy million people live along the banks of the
Nile, the world’s longest river. The Nile was also home to one of the
earliest civilizations in history.

Ancient Egypt could not have existed without the
great river. Every year, the snow in the mountains of East Africa melts,
sending a torrent of water that overflows the banks of the Nile. The
river picks up bits of soil and plant life called silt. The silt is
dropped on the banks of the Nile as the flood recedes, and creates
excellent topsoil that provides two or three crops every year. The
ancient Greeks spoke with envy when they referred to Egypt as “the Gift
of the Nile


الحضارة الإغريقية

The Cradle of Western Civilization

The Acropolis was built in the fifth century BC.The
civilization of ancient Greece flowered more than 2500 years ago but it
influences the way we live today. Greece is a peninsula in southeastern
Europe. The people of the region attempted to explain the world through
the laws of nature. They made important discoveries in science. They
developed democracy, where people govern themselves rather than being
ruled by a king. The Greeks also valued beauty and imagination. They
wrote many stories and plays that continue to be performed today. The
ancient Greeks developed a great deal of what we take for granted. This
is why Greece is often known as the Cradle of Western Civilization

.

The people of ancient Greece could not farm most of
their mountainous, rocky land, so they became excellent sailors who
traveled to distant lands. The Greeks learned the alphabet from the
Phoenicians, a sea faring people from modern day Syria and Lebanon. The
mountainous land also meant that it was difficult to invade Greek lands.
The Balkan Mountains in the north and the Mediterranean Sea form
barriers that made it difficult for outsider to attack
Ancient Greece was not a unified nation, but a collection of poli. Poli
is the plural of polis, a word often translated as city, but a polis is
much more. When we think of a city, we generally think of a place. A
Greek polis consisted of a small walled area that was generally no
larger than a few city blocks, the farmland that surrounded it, and most
importantly, the people who lived there. Today we think of the people
who live in a place as citizens, but to the ancient Greeks the people
were as much of the poli as the land or the buildings. The word politics
is derived from the Greek polis

.

The poli often developed alliances, called leagues,
for protection against other cities and foreign invaders. The poli of
ancient Greece were eventually conquered, but their advanced ideas
eventually spread across Europe and have influenced the way we live
today

.

Each polis was a nation of its own, but the poli of
ancient Greece had many things in common. The Greek poli developed
independently of one another because they were isolated by rugged
mountains or were located on small islands, but the poli spoke a common .
The poli were also small and often had to depend on one another to
survive. Further, the poli met every year at a great athletic contest
known as the Olympics. Poli that were at war would suspend hostilities
until after the contests. There is a modern nation known as Greece, but
the poli of ancient Greece extended east to land we today know as Turkey

حضارة بلاد مابين النهرين =بلاد وادي الرافدين



Civilization developed slowly in different parts of
the world. People began to settle in areas with abundant natural
resources. A section of the Middle East is called the Fertile Crescent.
The Fertile Crescent is a rich food-growing area in a part of the world
where most of the land is too dry for farming. The Fertile Crescent is a
quarter-moon shaped region that extends from the eastern shore of the
Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf.

Some of the best farmland of the Fertile Crescent is
on a narrow strip of land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The
Greeks later called this area Mesopotamia, which means “between the
rivers.”
Many different civilizations developed in this small region. First came the Sumerians, who were replaced
in turn by the Assyrians and the Babylonians. Today this land is known as IraqThe Nile River

الحضارة الرومانية

A New Power Rises

RomanThe earliest empires had been in the east.
Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Greece were all home to at least
one powerful civilization. a city on the Italian peninsula began
acquiring land and building an empire. That city was Rome. For more than
one thousand years, Rome controlled the western world.

Rome grew into an empire in part because of how it
treated the people it conquered. If a city was defeated by another
empire, its citizens were forced from the land if they were lucky, and
enslaved if they were not. Initially, the Romans extended the rights of
citizenship to the people they conquered. Rome conquered many of its
allies by force, but once the new people became citizens, they often
joined the Roman army. Rome managed to unify most of the modern nation
of Italy by 265BC.

Rome is an ideal place for a city. It is located
along the banks of the Tiber River. The river made it easy to travel to
and from the sea. The Tiber is very shallow near Rome. A shallow portion
of a river is called a ford. The ford made it easier for people to
cross the river. Seven hills surround Rome. The hills make it harder for
invaders to approach the city and served as lookout areas for the
Romans. Rome is also close to excellent farmland and an abundance of
wood and stone. Civilizations have grown and prospered in
Rome for thousands of years, which is why Rome is nicknamed “the Eternal City

corruption

Corruption
is a dangerous social phenomenon which can undermine the development
and well being of a country this is why we must combat it with our
might( power ).what would i do if were elected a president ؟

If
i were elected a president of this country , i would pass severe laws
to punish corrupt people in onder to protect honest citizens from their
wrong doings.

More
over ,tax evasion should be punished severely as it constitutes a
serious threat to the existence of the nation is projects since most of
them are dependent on the collection of taxes.

powers.All means,all people of different

parties as soon as possible before it is too late and the

sooner ,the bette





corruption two:

corruption
is dangerous and harmful for all society to sum up,the moral values in
use in modern societies necessitate from businessmen and companies alike
a strict observance of the different precepts on which the efficiency and the

prosperity of the whole community depends







BRIBERY



bribery
is the crime of giving or receiving something of value to influence
official action.both the person giving and receiving the bribe are
guilty of bribery.



bribery
is illegal for two reasons:firstly,it usually involves a public
official using his or her office for personal gain.secondly,it can cause
officials to make unfair decisions that affect citizens.

bribery
is a very old crime.there is evidence of bribery dating back more than
4,000 years.usually,a person who bribes a public official is paying to
get special treatment.this special treatment can come in many forms.for
example,a company might bribe an official to win a government
contract.bribing a public official is the most common type of bribery.in
the united states,officials convicted of bribery may be fined,removed
from office,and sent to prison for up to 20 years.

countries than in others.

many countries have made it illegal to bribe officials from










Bribery Two



Bribery
is a form of corruption. It is the offering and receiving of any item
of value; money property or advantage, its aim is to influence the
action of any official. This unethical practice has become so widespread
that it’s difficult to get rid of it. Therefore, governments must do
their best to eradicate it first, a well implemented system of law
should be implemented in order to prevent bribery, also, and bribers
must be punished severely so that they will become examples for the
others. In addition, companies have to sign commitment contracts which
they promise not to break the law .fur there more, work of public
officials, must be inspected regularly in order to ensure that they
don’t receive any bribe. I Think that when regulatory controls are
strict, official are afraid of committing such offences. However, when
thy feel that no one is controlling their action, they will commit more
and more crimes.





To
sum up, I would say that no nation will develop or prosper if it
doesn’t fight this dangerous phenomenon urgently .also I wish all
citizens contributed in this battle so as t o eradicate all forms of corruption





Ethics ;